;3 2.1% 中国知识分子 2 1.4% 科索沃游击队 1 0.7% 总计 141 99.8% 表8:《华盛顿邮报》中的新闻来源分布情况 美国政府 30 28.9% 中国抗议者 18 17.3% 中国政府 12 11.5% 北约国家和官员 9 8.7% 俄罗斯官员 7 6.7% 中国官方媒体 7 6.7% 在华美国人 4 3.8% 南斯拉夫官员 3 2.9% 南斯拉夫市民 3 2.9% 美国的中国问题专家 3 2.9% 美国驻华大使尚慕杰 2 1.9% 联合国 2 1.9% 中国外交人员 2 1.9% 匿名来源 2 1.9% 总计 104 99.9% 表9:《人民日报》中的图片 生活恢复正常 18 28% 抗议 12 18.7% 政府领导人 12 18.7% 死者家属 10 15.6% 人们悼念死者 7 11% 被炸的中国使馆和死者 5 8% 总计 64 100% 表10:〈北京青年报〉中的照片和图表分布 抗议 46 26.4% 人们哀悼死者 43 24.7% 炸毁的使馆和死者 25 14.4% 死者家属 22 12.6% 救援和迎接伤员回国 13 7.5% 中国政府领导人 6 3.4% 中国知识分子 4 2.3% 北约领导人和战斗机 3 1.7% 中国外交人员及其家属 2 1.1% 联合国秘书长 1 0.6% 轰炸目标的图表 1 0.6% 贝尔格莱德地图 1 0.6% 生活恢复正常 1 0.6% 其他 6 3.4% 总计 174 99.9% 表11:〈纽约时报〉中的照片和图表 中国抗议者 6 28.6% 中国使馆的当地地图 3 14.3% 炸毁的中国使馆 2 9.5% 亲友和同事哀悼死者 2 9.5% 中国驻联合国代表 2 9.5% 受伤的中国外交人员 1 4.8% 美国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆前的中国示威者 1 4.8% 北约秘书长索拉纳在比利时 1 4.8% 美国驻华大使尚慕杰 1 4.8% 南斯拉夫地图 1 4.8% 有关北约误炸的图表 1 4.8% 总计 21 100.2% 表12:〈华盛顿邮报〉中的照片和图表 中国抗议者 8 50% 受伤的中国外交人员 3 18.7% 炸毁的贝尔格莱德建筑 2 12.5% 亲友哀悼死者 1 6.3% 被围困的大使尚慕杰 1 6.3% 科索沃屠杀场 1 6.3% 总计 16 100.1% 注:因为四舍五入,有些比例数加起来不等于100% 参考资料: Abhik, R. (1996, October). Marion Barry’s road to redemption: A textual analysis of ABC’s news story aired on 14 September 1994, Howard Journal of Communications, 318. Becker, J. (1999, June 12). The heart of Chinese sovereignty. South China Morning Post, p. 17. Berry, N. O. (1990). Foreign policy and the press: an analysis of the New York Times' coverage of U.S. foreign policy. New York: Greenwood Press. Blasi, V. (1977). The checking value in First Amendment theory. American Bar Association Research Journal, 521. Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford. China’s true colors (1999, May 11). The Washington Post, p. A20. Cohen. B. (1963). The press and foreign policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41, 6-27. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43, 51-58. Gans, H. (1979). Deciding what’s news. New York: Harper and Row. Gifford, C. A. (1999). The Beijing conference on women as seen by three international news agencies, Gazette, 61, 327-341. Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. Hew York: Harper Colophon Books. Friedland, L. A., & Zhong, M. (1996). International television coverage of Beijing spring 1989: A comparative approach, Journalism and Mass Communication Monographs, 156. Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press. Han, Z. (1999, May 12). China, not in 1899, People’s Daily, p. 4. Jayakar, R. K., & Jayakar, K. P. (2000). Hegemonic frames and international news reporting: A comparative study of the New York Times coverage of the 1996 Indian and Israeli elections. In A. Malek & A.P Kavoori (Eds.), The global dynamics of news: Studies in international news coverage and news agendas (pp. 123-144). Stamford, CT: Ablex. Morley, D. (1980). The “nationwide” audience. London: BFI. Myers, S. L. (1999, May 8). Death reported, The New York Times, pp. A1, A6. The next Cold War? (1999, June 7). Time, p. 38. Pauly, J. (1991). A beginners guide to doing qualitative research in mass communications. Journalism Monographs, 125. Pomfret, J. (1999, May 10). China suspends some U.S. ties, Washington Post, p. A1. Pomfret, J. (1999, May 10). A Protest Beijing Can Endorse, Washington Post, p. A18. Pomfret, J. (1999, May 11). The Reaction in Beijing: China Says Bombing Halt Is Condition of U.N. Settlement, Washington Post, p. A17. Rosenthal, E. (1999, May 12). Chinese students are caught up by nationalism, The New York Times, pp. A1, A13. Schmitt, E. (1999, May 10). More anti-U.S. protests in Beijing as officials study bombing error, The New York Times, pp. A1, A9. Schmitt, E. (1999, May 11). Pentagon admits its maps of Belgrade are out of date, The New York Times, p. A10. Stone, R. (1994). Speaking to the foreign audience: Chinese foreign policy concerns as experienced in China Daily, January 1989-June 1993, Gazette, 53, p. 43. Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press. Wakeman, C. (1999, Winter) Beyond the square, Media Studies Journal, p. 58-67. Wrong target in Belgrade (1999, May 10). The New York Times, p. A22.
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